Edward Thorndike:
1. Explain Thorndike's puzzle-box experiment.
- Thorndike felt that learning was a matter of creating associations between stimuli and responses, and no speculation about mind was necessary or useful. Thorndike substituted a foot-pedal so the research could be done with cats. If the animal stepped on the switch, the door of the cage opened. The object of the research was to study how quickly the cat learned to perform this response in order to get free. He made like a laberynth for the cat so he was able to go and get his food.
-http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch08_animals/thorndikes_puzzle_box.html
2. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Effect".
- It was the responses that were closely followed by a satisfaction, that had firmly attached objects on the situatuin they were and was most likely to be repeated. if the situation is followed by discomfort, the connections to the situation will become weaker and the behavior of response is less likely to occur when the situation is repeated.
-http://psychology.about.com/od/lindex/g/lawofeffect.htm
3. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Exercise".
- The law of exercise stated that behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response. In 1932 Thorndike determined that the second of his laws was not entirely. stated that those behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus.
- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/689639/Thorndikes-law-of-exercise
B.F. Skinner:
1. Explain Skinner's concept of Operant Conditioning
-The use of a behavior's antecedent and its consequence to influence the occurrence and form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning and also called respondent conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of voluntary behavior or operant behavior.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning
2. What does reinforcement always do?
- a sequence that causes a behavior to occur with a greater frequency.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning
3. What does a punishment alsways do?
- a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning
4. Explain the difference between "postive" and "negative" as they are used in opernat conditioning.
- The positive: the reinforcement way occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that is appetitive or rewarding, increasing the frequency of that behavior. In the Skinner box experiment, a stimulus such as food or sugar solution can be delivered when the rat engages in a target behavior, such as pressing a lever.
- The Punishment way occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.
- The negative: the escape way occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, thereby increasing that behavior's frequency. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engages in the target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed.
-The penalty way occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning
miércoles, 1 de diciembre de 2010
viernes, 26 de noviembre de 2010
Watson and Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
- The salivation of dogs.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
- He rang a bell every time before giving the food. The bell is the conditioned stimulus because it will only produce salivation on condition that it is presented with the food. Salivation to the bell is a conditioned response. and in that way the dog respond to the stimulus.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
-The condition stimulus will be the bell, the unconditional stimulus will be the food, and the condition response is when the dog salivates after the bell rang.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
- As the same to classical conditioning extinction is when Classical Condition is absence from the unconticional statement, and that is spotaneous recovery.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
- Stimulus generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to suggest similar responds for the ones who have been conditioned.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
- Discrimination is to be able to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are similar to it.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
- that he adapted a tube to the dogs glands, and this experiment is to difficult to do.
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
- Pavlov theorized that there is learning by association., most behaviors consist on learned responses to certain signals or events happening in the environment according to this.
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
- Little Albert was a baby who underwent a series of experiments around the age of nine months, he was exposed to a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, fur coats, and burning newspapers. These things were all a series of stimuli., as these things were presented to him, Watson observed the child’s reaction to them.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study
- The conditioned stimulus were the hairy animals and objects, unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise triggered each time the hairy things were presented to Albert, and conditioned response was that the infant felt uncomfortable in the presence of furry things and cried.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
- The experiment cannot be repeated, and instead of using an adult they used a baby that doesn´t have a lot of knowledge.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
- stated that the more often two things are linked the association will be more powerful.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
- That the more recent this behavior happens the most likely it will still have a response to the stimuli.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
- That everything depend in its own environment.
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
- The salivation of dogs.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
- He rang a bell every time before giving the food. The bell is the conditioned stimulus because it will only produce salivation on condition that it is presented with the food. Salivation to the bell is a conditioned response. and in that way the dog respond to the stimulus.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
-The condition stimulus will be the bell, the unconditional stimulus will be the food, and the condition response is when the dog salivates after the bell rang.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
- As the same to classical conditioning extinction is when Classical Condition is absence from the unconticional statement, and that is spotaneous recovery.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
- Stimulus generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to suggest similar responds for the ones who have been conditioned.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
- Discrimination is to be able to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are similar to it.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
- that he adapted a tube to the dogs glands, and this experiment is to difficult to do.
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
- Pavlov theorized that there is learning by association., most behaviors consist on learned responses to certain signals or events happening in the environment according to this.
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
- Little Albert was a baby who underwent a series of experiments around the age of nine months, he was exposed to a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, fur coats, and burning newspapers. These things were all a series of stimuli., as these things were presented to him, Watson observed the child’s reaction to them.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study
- The conditioned stimulus were the hairy animals and objects, unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise triggered each time the hairy things were presented to Albert, and conditioned response was that the infant felt uncomfortable in the presence of furry things and cried.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
- The experiment cannot be repeated, and instead of using an adult they used a baby that doesn´t have a lot of knowledge.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
- stated that the more often two things are linked the association will be more powerful.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
- That the more recent this behavior happens the most likely it will still have a response to the stimuli.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
- That everything depend in its own environment.
lunes, 15 de noviembre de 2010
Summary #3: Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA Summary
This study basicly was based on data from 89 students (between 17 and 20 years old) preparing to begin college and 34 of those students as they completed their first year at a liberal arts college. Evening type students or those who say they feel more alert and do their work later in the day have less sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene refers to regular bedtime routine, a regular wake time, a regular bed time, and sleeping in a comfortable bed. Results indicated that evening types had lowered their GPA to (2.84)in their first year in college while morning types to (3.18). These evening-type students showed a greater decrease in GPA in their transition from high school to college their GPA grades dropped .98 GPA points, while others only dropped .69 GPA points. They found a decline in the grade point average of students during the transition from high school to college. Results indicate that evening types had significantly lower first year. In my opinion it will be better if the teens doesn´t sleep until late thinking and advancing in some cases some work because that affects you a lot.
Summary#2: Starting high school one hour later may reduce teen traffic accidents.
Summary#1: Delayed School Start Time Associate with improvements in adolescent behavior
1.They studied 201 students in grades 9 through 12 attending a high school in Rhode Island. The study, class start time was delayed 30 minutes, from 8 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. Students were required to complete the online retrospective Sleep Habits Survey before and after the change in school start time. The study showed that students sleeping less than seven hours of sleep decreased 79.4 %, with at least eight hours of sleep increased from 16.4 % to 54.7 %. Students unhappy or depressed decreased from 65.8 % to 45.1%, "grumpy" students also decreased from 84 % to 62.6 %. The visits to the nurse decreased from 15.3% to 4.6%. I think that the article in Science daily from Judith OWens is correct because the lack of sleeping affect the way your emotions will change later.
miércoles, 29 de septiembre de 2010
Teenage brain
This week we saw a video about how teenage brains work and why they might act in that way. I found very interesting this video because know I learn and also the parents know how their kids act by the time they are finish developing their brain so it becomes mature. While we are changing our brain also changes, specially the frontal lobe of the brain. To be able to have a normal and relaxing day you have to sleep 9-11 hours that the majority of the teenegers don´t sleep the enough hours you need then you will be tired and maybe will be in a bad mood because of the cause of don´t sleeping the hours you need to. They had proved that there were positive changes amongst teens by giving them extra hours for sleep. But, when a late start affects after school activities that are said to benefit a person even more than sleep. Teenagers seem to be always in a bad mood, or having a terrible time, and some times they treat in a bad way their parents and the parents should not suffer how their son or daughter treat them only because they did not sleep well. In my opinion, parents should be patients with their sons or daughters because they need to understand the problems that they are passing through.
domingo, 26 de septiembre de 2010
How our brains work?
1. What does the word "hemisphere" refer to when talking about the brain?
Are two different region of the eutherian brain. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is supported by an inner layer of white matter. Each hemisphere does a different job, without hemisphere the other one wouldn´t knew anything about it.
2. What are the major differences between the left and right sides of the brain?
- It is divided into two hemispheres connected by a thick band of nerve fibers which sends messages back and forth between the hemispheres. And while brain research confirms that both sides of the brain are involved in nearly every human activity, we do know that the left side of the brain is the seat of language and processes in a logical and sequential order. The right side is more visual and processes intuitively, holistically, and randomly.
3. What is the corpus collasum?
- is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200–250 million contralateral axonal projections.
4. Explain the study performed by Paul Broca in which he discovered "Broca's Area."
- The discovery of Broca's area revolutionized the understanding of speech production. New research has found that dysfunction in the area may lead to other speech disorders such as stuttering and apraxia of speech. Recent anatomical neuroimaging studies have shown that the pars opercularis of Broca's area is anatomically smaller in individuals who stutter whereas the pars triangularis appears to be normal.
5. Explain the study conducted by Roger Sperry in regard to "split brain."
- ¨ Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. The surgical operation to produce this condition is called corpus callosotomy and is usually used as a last resort to treat intractable epilepsy. Initially, partial callosotomies are performed; if this operation does not succeed, a complete callosotomy is performed to mitigate the risk of accidental physical injury by reducing the severity and violence of epileptic seizures. Prior to callosotomies, epilepsy is treated through pharmaceutical means.¨
6. Explain the study conducted by Karl Wernicke which led to the discovery of Wernicke's Area."
- ¨is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked since the late nineteenth century to speech (the other is the Broca's area). It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language. It is traditionally considered to consist of the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere (which is the left hemisphere in about 90% of people).¨
7. Which lobe is most responsible for vision?
- occipital lobe.
8. Which lobe is most responsible for hearing and language?
- Tempoal lobe.
9. Which lobe is most responsible for performing math calculations?
- Frontal lobe.
10. Which lobe is most responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control?
- Frontal lobe.
Bibliography: - http://frank.mtsu.edu/~studskl/hd/hemis.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broca
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke's_area
Are two different region of the eutherian brain. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is supported by an inner layer of white matter. Each hemisphere does a different job, without hemisphere the other one wouldn´t knew anything about it.
2. What are the major differences between the left and right sides of the brain?
- It is divided into two hemispheres connected by a thick band of nerve fibers which sends messages back and forth between the hemispheres. And while brain research confirms that both sides of the brain are involved in nearly every human activity, we do know that the left side of the brain is the seat of language and processes in a logical and sequential order. The right side is more visual and processes intuitively, holistically, and randomly.
3. What is the corpus collasum?
- is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200–250 million contralateral axonal projections.
4. Explain the study performed by Paul Broca in which he discovered "Broca's Area."
- The discovery of Broca's area revolutionized the understanding of speech production. New research has found that dysfunction in the area may lead to other speech disorders such as stuttering and apraxia of speech. Recent anatomical neuroimaging studies have shown that the pars opercularis of Broca's area is anatomically smaller in individuals who stutter whereas the pars triangularis appears to be normal.
5. Explain the study conducted by Roger Sperry in regard to "split brain."
- ¨ Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. The surgical operation to produce this condition is called corpus callosotomy and is usually used as a last resort to treat intractable epilepsy. Initially, partial callosotomies are performed; if this operation does not succeed, a complete callosotomy is performed to mitigate the risk of accidental physical injury by reducing the severity and violence of epileptic seizures. Prior to callosotomies, epilepsy is treated through pharmaceutical means.¨
6. Explain the study conducted by Karl Wernicke which led to the discovery of Wernicke's Area."
- ¨is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked since the late nineteenth century to speech (the other is the Broca's area). It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language. It is traditionally considered to consist of the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere (which is the left hemisphere in about 90% of people).¨
7. Which lobe is most responsible for vision?
- occipital lobe.
8. Which lobe is most responsible for hearing and language?
- Tempoal lobe.
9. Which lobe is most responsible for performing math calculations?
- Frontal lobe.
10. Which lobe is most responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control?
- Frontal lobe.
Bibliography: - http://frank.mtsu.edu/~studskl/hd/hemis.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broca
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke's_area
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