Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
- The salivation of dogs.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
- He rang a bell every time before giving the food. The bell is the conditioned stimulus because it will only produce salivation on condition that it is presented with the food. Salivation to the bell is a conditioned response. and in that way the dog respond to the stimulus.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
-The condition stimulus will be the bell, the unconditional stimulus will be the food, and the condition response is when the dog salivates after the bell rang.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
- As the same to classical conditioning extinction is when Classical Condition is absence from the unconticional statement, and that is spotaneous recovery.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
- Stimulus generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to suggest similar responds for the ones who have been conditioned.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
- Discrimination is to be able to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are similar to it.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
- that he adapted a tube to the dogs glands, and this experiment is to difficult to do.
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
- Pavlov theorized that there is learning by association., most behaviors consist on learned responses to certain signals or events happening in the environment according to this.
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
- Little Albert was a baby who underwent a series of experiments around the age of nine months, he was exposed to a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, fur coats, and burning newspapers. These things were all a series of stimuli., as these things were presented to him, Watson observed the child’s reaction to them.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study
- The conditioned stimulus were the hairy animals and objects, unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise triggered each time the hairy things were presented to Albert, and conditioned response was that the infant felt uncomfortable in the presence of furry things and cried.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
- The experiment cannot be repeated, and instead of using an adult they used a baby that doesn´t have a lot of knowledge.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
- stated that the more often two things are linked the association will be more powerful.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
- That the more recent this behavior happens the most likely it will still have a response to the stimuli.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
- That everything depend in its own environment.
viernes, 26 de noviembre de 2010
lunes, 15 de noviembre de 2010
Summary #3: Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA Summary
This study basicly was based on data from 89 students (between 17 and 20 years old) preparing to begin college and 34 of those students as they completed their first year at a liberal arts college. Evening type students or those who say they feel more alert and do their work later in the day have less sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene refers to regular bedtime routine, a regular wake time, a regular bed time, and sleeping in a comfortable bed. Results indicated that evening types had lowered their GPA to (2.84)in their first year in college while morning types to (3.18). These evening-type students showed a greater decrease in GPA in their transition from high school to college their GPA grades dropped .98 GPA points, while others only dropped .69 GPA points. They found a decline in the grade point average of students during the transition from high school to college. Results indicate that evening types had significantly lower first year. In my opinion it will be better if the teens doesn´t sleep until late thinking and advancing in some cases some work because that affects you a lot.
Summary#2: Starting high school one hour later may reduce teen traffic accidents.
Summary#1: Delayed School Start Time Associate with improvements in adolescent behavior
1.They studied 201 students in grades 9 through 12 attending a high school in Rhode Island. The study, class start time was delayed 30 minutes, from 8 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. Students were required to complete the online retrospective Sleep Habits Survey before and after the change in school start time. The study showed that students sleeping less than seven hours of sleep decreased 79.4 %, with at least eight hours of sleep increased from 16.4 % to 54.7 %. Students unhappy or depressed decreased from 65.8 % to 45.1%, "grumpy" students also decreased from 84 % to 62.6 %. The visits to the nurse decreased from 15.3% to 4.6%. I think that the article in Science daily from Judith OWens is correct because the lack of sleeping affect the way your emotions will change later.
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